The intelligent wireless video camera

The intelligent wireless video camera

The intelligent wireless video camera described in this paper is designed using wireless video monitoring system, for detecting the presence of a person who is inside the restricted zone.  This type of automatic wireless video monitors is quite suitable for the isolated restricted zones, where the tight security is required.

The principle of remote sensing is utilized in this, to detect the presence of any person who is very near to reference point with in the zone.

A video camera collects the images from the reference points and then converts into electronic signals.  The collected images are converted from visible light into invisible

electronic signals inside a solid-state imager.  These signals are transmitted to the monitor,

In this paper for the demonstration purpose three reference points are taken.  Each reference point is arranged with two infrared LED’s and one lamp.  This arrangement is made to detect the presence of a person who is near the reference point.   The reference point is nothing but restricted area, when any person comes near to any reference point, then immediately that particular reference point output will become high and this high signal is fed to the computer.   Now the computer energizes that particular reference point lamp and rotates the video camera towards that reference point for collecting the images at that particular reference point. To rotate the video camera towards interrupted reference point, stepper motor is used. 

 I MRUDULA, T.SIRISHA, IV/IV B.Tech, E.C.E.

N.I.E.T., KANTEPUDI (v), SATTENPALLI (m), GUNTUR (dt).

                    The present wireless video camera described in this is designed using wireless video monitoring system, for detecting the presence of a person who is inside the restricted zone.  This type of automatic wireless video monitors is quite suitable for the isolated restricted zones, where the tight security is required.

Once upon a time much importance is not given for the security system.   But as we see today lot of terrorism has grown up across the country and need has aroused to develop different types of security systems for various applications to safe guard the zones of various types like, military zones, railway yards, scrap yards, borders etc., this kind of automatic video monitoring systems can be installed at indo-pak borders, where the terrorists are crossing borders.   In fact our country is spending lot of its revenue to safe guard the borders.   By installing this type of security systems everywhere at critical points, lot of revenue can be saved by minimizing the manpower.

Basic operational principle:

          The video surveillance unit is designed for the widest possible viewing range and portability. The unit consists of a Stepper Motor, which drives the camera towards reference points automatically by the computer and a transmitter

transmits the images collected by the camera to a distant end. Thus a automatic controlled wireless camera is very useful for surveillance of places where the particular location makes it inconvenient or impractical for a wired operation of the unit. The robotic action made by the stepper motor is attached to the camera allows surveillance of maximum area with one single camera. Such setup can be very flexible to the user and can save valuable company resources. There are several types of security systems existed in the Market; one of the most common security systems is CCTV (Closed Circuit Television).   The CCTV consists Video Surveillance Camera used as security-monitoring device plays a major roll in security systems.  One reason for this is the fact that a picture is worth then a thousand words.   This is especially true in a court of law where an eyewitness is required who can place the criminal at the scene of a crime.

      CCTV systems are also helpful in the residential security Market.   They allow homeowners to see their callers, thus establishing their identity before they open an outside entrance door.   This is an important feature too, because other wise, they might open their door to a criminal.

The Infrared sensing circuit consists of two infrared LED’s for transmitting the signal as well as receiving the signal.  The signal transmitted by the transmitting LED omits the signal in a line like laser beam, the radiated signal from the transmitting LED is invisible and harmless.  Whenever the human body interrupts the transmitting signal, there the signal is reflected and this reflected signal is received by the infrared receiving LED. 

INFRARED TRANSMITTER / RECEIVER SECTION:

This section is designed for detecting the presence of a person who is inside the restricted zone within the range. It is basically an infrared proximity detection system. Here high efficiency IR-LED is driven by PNP Transistor SK100 with a modulating frequency of about 10KHz. This frequency is available from Pin 5 of LM 567 IC (versatile PLL tone decoder IC). The 47W resistor connected in series with the IR LED limits the IR-LED current.

The basic function of the detector circuit is by radiating energy into space through IR LED and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object. The reflected energy that is returned to the receiving LED indicates the presence of a person who is within the range. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and re-radiated in many directions. The radiation directed back towards the system is collected by the receiving LED causes to produce a high signal at Pin No.8 of LM567 IC. The output of the receiver is fed to the computer. Whenever the computer receives a high signal from the reference point, the computer drives the stepper motor through the driving transistors and rotates the motor towards that particular reference point. Three similar circuits are designed for the three different reference points.

          Diagram of the sensing circuit:

    

COMPUTER:

            The computer is playing a major role in this .The main function of the computer is to identify the interruption made by the person, where exactly the signal is interrupted, at which reference point identifying the point and displays the information on the screen.  The other major function of the computer is to drive the stepper motor.  This block is also responsible for identifying the reference point.  Here any normal configuration computer can be employed.   The software program defining the operations for the computer is written in ‘C’ language.

                     

    The output of the obstacle sensor is fed to the computer through the parallel port. The original purpose of Parallel port was to enable communication between a PC and a peripheral. Another use that has become very popular is transferring information or receiving the information. In this project work the received information from the detector circuit is used to drive the motor. Which is useful for the system for identifying the interrupted reference point. With the help of associated software written in ‘C’ language the received information can be displayed on computer screen.

           

 A computer is an electronic device, which processes information under the control of a set of instructions called program. It has the ability to accept the data, execute the program, and perform mathematical and logical operations on data. The result of the operations can be reported through output. Infact, a computer is a complete system in itself. The computer as a system is a combination of Hardware and Software components that jointly offer the necessary services to the user.

              The computer reads the data received through parallel port and can store the data; the same data will be displayed on computer screen. The program contains instruction about what has to be done with the data. The CPU executes the programs stored in the main memory by performing fetch instruction from memory and right data either to a memory location or on an output device. The main components of the CPU are, ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), CU (Control Unit), and a set of registers. The control unit is responsible for the moment of data and instructions in and out of the memory and CPU. It is also responsible for the decoding of an instruction and determining as to what is desired by the same.   The complete electronic Hardware is interfaced with parallel port.

Stepper Motor Drive Circuit:

The stepper motor used in this is having four windings and these windings are energized one after another in a sequence according to the code produced by the computer through motor drive circuit.   This motor rotates in step wise and the step angle is 1.8⁰.   Varying the pulse rate can vary the speed of the motor.   The pulses are produced by the computer can be controlled through the program by which motor speed can be varied. The stepper motor used in this project work is capable to drive up to 3kg load.

Each reference point is arranged with two infrared sensors and both the sensors are arranged side by side within the distance of one inch approximately and both are directed towards the space with the zone. The energization sequence for the forward and backward movements of the stepper motor is fed from computer with the help of software written in ‘C’ language.  The ratings of the motor employed are 12V dc 4-coil.   The driving circuit of the motor is designed using BC 547 (low power Transistor) and 2N5296 (Medium power Transistor).  These two transistors are configured in emitter following mode for amplifying the current rating.  The motor winding when it is energized, it consumes 350 mA approximately.

       

  The following is the diagram of the stepper motor drive circuit

TRANSMITTER:

                 The output of the video camera is fed to this transmitter, for transmitting the video signals in amplitude modulation. The video signal coming out of video camera is nothing but pure composite video signal and this signal is fed to this AM transmitter. The transmitter circuit generates a continuous frequency of 100MHz approximately, which is used to form a permanent link between the transmitter and receiver, and this is known as carrier frequency.  The output of video camera is fed to this carrier input as a modulating wave. This is a frequency modulated radio transmitter.   The radiating power of the transmitter is less than 20mw, so that the range between transmitter and receiver can be less than 25 feet.

The AM transmitter consists three sections namely

(1) VHF Oscillator

(2) Driver Stage or Modulator

(3) Final Amplifier Stage.

The output of the VHF oscillator is treated as carrier and the same is fed to the modulator section. The output of the VHF oscillator is fed to collector and the final output taken from the emitter of the PNP transistor of the modulator section. Since it is a PNP transistor there won’t be any phase reversal (1800 phase shift), because this transistor is configured in common base mode. Therefore finally at the output of this stage, a perfect AM wave can be obtained. In the amplifier section 2 N 3866-NPN Transistor is used to amplify the input signal.

The Complete Circuit Diagram of transmitter including three stages is as follows

 

The carrier is designed for transmitting the picture details.   At the receiving end, a small television set of 4” screen is used to display the picture caught. In this way using this wireless video camera we can detect the entry of unauthorized persons especially in case of military to detect our enemies crossing the border.

                            COMPLETE   CIRCUIT   DIAGRAM

5G mobile Technology

5G mobile Technology Final Seminar

1. INTRODUCTION

            Nowadays, wireless communication plays an important part in our life. Also, it has a wide spreading during last century by using 1G, 2G and 2.5G. in addition, the development from one generation to another brings new feature, service and technology for the end users.

            The development from 1G to 2G was mainly the changing from analog to digital network with the same service, which is voice. Also, the development from 2G to 3G was on the mobile multimedia service with variant QoS.

            Mobile wireless industry has started its technology creation, revolution and evolution since early 1970s. In the past few decades, mobile wireless technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of technology revolution and evolution, namely from 0G to 4G. The cellular concept was introduced inthe 1G technology which made the large scale mobile wireless communication possible.

            In the same direction, scientists start thinking about 4G as the development for 3G, which will eliminate 3G limitations, which will be described in this report. Mainly, 4G is only an idea that is discussed now and specialists are trying to give an overview of how it is going to be look like. Since 4G will serve different user for different wireless networks and technologies such as WLAN, Public cellular and Bluetooth, it should integrate all these technologies with their different devices. Also, it will add new services like Internet on the fly. In addition, if 3G try to implement “every where, any time”, 4G aiming to implement “every thing works every where”. Moreover, 4G should be compatible with standard protocols and working with different WLAN. The economical part will play an important part on the time in which 4G will be present, however it is the future network for next decade.

            This article in mobile wireless technology concentrates on advance implementation of 5G technology. Currently 5G term is not officially used. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World.

            The fifth generation communication system is envisioned as the real wireless network, capable of supporting World Wide Wireless Web applications in 2010 to 2015 time frame. There are two views of 5G systems: evolutionary and revolutionary. In evolutionary view the 5G (or beyond 4G) systems will be capable of supporting WWWW allowing a highly flexible network such as a Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Network. In this view advanced technologies including intelligent antenna and flexible modulation are keys to optimize the Adhoc wireless networks. In revolutionary view, 5G systems should be an intelligent technology capable of interconnecting the entire world without limits. An example application could be a robot with built-in wireless communication with artificial intelligence.

           

1.1  Introduction to 1G,2G,3G&4G:

  1G (First generation) wireless cellular systems, introduced in the early 1980s, use analog transmission, and are primarily intended for voice. These networks are very slowless than 1 kilobits per second (Kbps).

  2G (Second generation) wireless cellular systems, introduced in the late 1980s, use digital transmission and are also intended primarily for speech. However, they do support

fax and email services at low bit-rate (8 to 9 Kbps) data transmissions. The high-tier 2G systems use GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and the low-tier system

is intended for low-cost, low-power, low-mobility PCS (personal communication systems). These systems, most prevalent at present, operate at 9.6 Kbps.

   2.5G Systems are essentially 2G systems that have evolved to medium data rate (around

100 Kbps). A popular example of the 2.5G initiative is the General Packet Radio System

(GPRS), an extension of GSM, that supports data rates of 112 kilobits per second. Generally, 2.5G technologies have been developed for third generation (3G) networks, but they are applied incrementally to existing networks. This approach allows carriers to offer new high-speed data and increased voice capacity at much lower cost than deploying all new 3G networks. Plus, they can do so using their existing spectrum.

   3G Systems represent the completely digital cellular facilities that can operate at 2 million bits per second. 3G systems have evolved from 2G – thus dual-mode terminals to

ease migration from 2G to 3G are commercially available. In addition to conventional voice, fax and data services, 3G promises to offer high-resolution video and multimedia services on the move. 3Gs are very complex systems intended to deliver many more services faster.

  4G systems are the next generation of cellular networks that promise to deliver up to 20

Mbps. 4G is mainly a marketing buzzword at present, with some basic research underway. The implementation target for 4G is around 2010, although some early implementations have been promised. For example, NTT Docomo is planing an implementation by 2006

2.    Fifth Generation (5G) Cellular Networks:

2.1. WHAT IS 5G NETWORKS?

                5G network is very fast and reliable. The concept of handheld devices is going to be revolutionized with the advent of 5G. Now all the services and applications are going to be accessed by single IP as telephony, gaming and many other multimedia applications [5]. As it is not a new thing or gadget in market and there are millions of users all over the world who have experienced the wireless services and till now they are obsessed to this wireless technology. It is not easy for them to shrink from using this new 5G network technology. There is only need to make it accessible so that a common man can easily afford the profitable packs offered by the companies so that 5G network could hold the authentic place. There is need to win the customer trust to build fair long term relation to make a reliable position in the telecommunication field. To compete with the preceding wireless technologies in the market 5G network has to tender something reliable something more pioneering. All the features like telephony, camera, mp3 player, are coming in new mobile phone models. 4G is providing all these utility in mobile phone. By seeing the features of 4G one can gets a rough idea about what 5G Network could offer. There is messenger, photo gallery, and multimedia applications that are also going to be the part of 5G. There would be no difference between a PC and a mobile phone rather both would act vice versa. 5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market. Through 5G technology now you can use worldwide cellular phones and this technology also strike the china mobile market and a user being proficient to get access to Germany phone as a local phone. With the coming out of cell phone alike to PDA now your whole office in your finger tips or in your phone. 5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The current trend of 5G technology has a glowing future 6.

2.2. Features of 5G Network:

                According to some research papers on 5G technology, the main features the technology might have are as follows:

  A 5G user might be able to connect to different networks at same time or switch between two networks. These networks need not be 5G networks but they can be of any generation.

  Introduction of a new radio system is possible in which different radio technologies will share the same spectrum. This can be done by finding unused spectrum and then adapting to the technology of the radio technology with which the spectrum is being shared.

 Every mobile in a 5G network will have an IP address (IPV6) according to the location and network being used.

  5G technology is expected to bring a single global standard.

  The technology is also expected to support virtual private networks and advanced billing interfaces.

  With 5G enabled phones, you might be able to connect your phone to your laptop to get          access to broadband.

  The other few features that might be offered by 5G are transporter class gateway, subscriber supervision tools, remote diagnostics etc.

  5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-directional large            bandwidth shaping.

  The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective.

  5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.

  The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.

  5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost                                   65,000 connections.

  5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

  The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.

  The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.

  The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.

  The 5G technology also support virtual private network.

  The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business prospect.

  Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast                                                                                                                                           so

2.3. 5th GENERATION TECHNOLGY ARCHITECTURE:

                 A first remarkable feature of 5G network is the broadband internet in mobile phones that would be possible to provide internet facility in the computer by just connecting the mobile as depicted in figure 3.

            Handheld Computer: Data sharing in 5G network is very easy. It omits the condition of putting both mobile face to face so that data could be shared. But 5G Bluetooth technology removes this condition and data could be transferred if it is shared in the range of 50m [2]. It is not far away when we see the global mobiles all over the world. A user can move everywhere in the world by holding just 5G mobile network. All the roaming would be exempt from the tariff plans. The rates of the call would not be different area to area.

Figure: Architecture of 5G Technology

               

            5G enabled smart phones will be a great challenge to laptops due to the extraordinary features offered. With thousands of mobile applications a user will do on his laptop with improve facilities. The tables I, II, III describes the comparison of each generation‟s technology and the changes which has come up for improvements. SMART PHONES The term „smart phone‟ refers to a multi-functional mobile phone handset that features everything from a camera and web browser to a high-density display and media player. Other key smart phone features include 5G as a vital technology, masses of space and microSD card slots to allow.

2.4. COMPARISION OF 4G AND 5G:

                4G and 5G are both mobile wireless access technologies offers Ethernet speed on mobile devices to experience the triply play services as explained in table 4. Currently 4G is being deployed in several countries in Europe and North America. LTE and WiMAX are two different technologies to achieve 4G defined speeds [1]. Whereas 5G is a concept only and not officially defined. 5G is not officially defined term or technology but people refer technologies that can deliver the speed beyond 4G as 5G.It‟s expected to be finalized somewhere in 2012 or 2013. New standard proposals or releases beyond 4G are submitted to standard bodies like 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. Ideal 5G model should accommodate the challenges and accommodate the short falls of the 4G Technology and 4G deployment experiences. To understand the necessities and uses of 5G could be raised once the 4G rollout is completed and experienced. Thus typical 5G concept would be raised in somewhere around 2013-2015. Expected speed may be multiple of Gigabit Ethernet. This technology would be mainly used in backhauling telecom networks rather than end user access. 4G offers theoretically closer to Gigabit Ethernet whereas users expect multiple Gigabit speed from 5G.

TABLE 4. COMPARISION OF 4G AND 5G: 4G-Technology 5G- Technology 4G networks are almost released. 5G networks release may take nearly 5-6years or may be even more. 4G networks is slow. 5G networks will be faster than 2G,3G & 5G base 4G networks relay on terrestrial base stations 5G would be using HAPS or High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Stations. 4G networks coverage would still be problematic. 5G networks will have excellent coverage 4G networks will be less cost than 5G 5G networks will be more expensive than 2G,3G,4G 4G networks should be able to attain 100mbits/s 5G would attain 10Gbps. 4G is being used in Backhauling Networks as well as user access. Users expect 5G to be backhauling telecom networks 4G network offers theoretically closer Ethernet Whereas users expecting multiple Gigabits of speed from 5G 4G network is less reliable than 5G. 5G network is more reliable than 2G,3G and 4G. WiMAX are used to achieve 4G defined speeds. 5G is a concept only and not officially defined.

3. RESEARCH DIRECTIONS:

             Key concepts suggested in scientific papers discussing 5G and beyond 4G wireless communications are:

  Pervasive network providing ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them .These access technologies can be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.

  Group cooperative relay : A major issue in beyond 4G system is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion in between several base stations. In current research, this     issue is addressed, also known as group cooperative relay , as well as by beam division multiple access.

  Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Network (DAWN), essentially identical to Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET), Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) or wireless grids, combined with smart antennas and flexible modulation.

  High – altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) system.

  Wearable device with AI capabilities.

4. CONCLUSION

•      Migration to 5G networks ensures convergence of networks, technologies, applications and services.

•      5G can serve as a flexible platform.

•      Wireless carriers have an opportunity to shorten Investment return, improve operating efficiency and increase revenues.

5G - a promising Generation of wireless communication that will change people’s lives